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Denim fabric
In Iran, many people mistakenly know denim fabric as Lee fabric, and this is because this fabric has become famous in Iran under the Lee brand. Due to the beautiful and stylish denim fabric, this fabric is a favorite of all tastes so that it never goes out of fashion. Denim fabric has an uneven cotton texture, in the texture of this fabric two threads or more pass under. This fabric has a variety of paper, cotton, thick, elastic and non-elastic and has a very good strength and thickness. Also, denim, which is considered one of the fashion styles in the world today, is dyed using plants.

cotton fabric
As the name implies, linen fabric is made of flax stem fibers. Flax is an annual herbaceous plant and has a stem with soft and long fibers and matte green leaves, which of course are also obtained from flax yarn. Linen fabric, which is known as the king of fabrics, has the ability to absorb high and cool water, so that it can be said that clothes made of linen fabrics are very suitable for summer and spring seasons. Other features of linen fabric include its smooth and shiny surface, also because linen fabric is one of the fabrics that change size after washing, it is recommended before people apply Cut the fabric for sewing clothes and wash once. Also, this type of fabric has a long life and low weight and easily wrinkles.

Silk fabric
Silk fabric is one of the fabrics that are made of natural fibers. This type of fabric is made of silkworm cocoons and also because of the natural nature of this type of fabric, when they are burned, they smell like burnt hair. Silk fabric is obtained by boiling the inner cocoon of silkworm, but silk produced by boiling the cocoon has brittle silk threads. Silk fabric is also one of the fabrics that can be biodegradable. Silk fabric is one of the strongest fabrics in the world that has a soft and shiny surface. Due to the protein in the fibers of this fabric, the silk fabric does not pass heat and keeps it. Another point that we should mention about silk fabric is that this type of fabric is one of the luxurious and expensive fabrics and is used in sewing ties, scarves, coats, suits, home appliances and 2 pieces of fabric. Silk is used.

cotton fabric
In colloquial language, cotton fabric is called cotton fabric. Cotton fabric is a soft and comfortable fabric and can pass air. Cotton or cotton cloth, as its name implies, is made from a moist cotton plant. This plant needs a lot of water to grow, but because organic cotton does not pose a risk at any stage of its growth. It is the best choice for people and the environment. Also, in the case of cotton or cotton fabric, we must say that this type of fabric is the most widely used type of fabric, as it is used to produce more than 30 types of fabrics. Other characteristics of cotton fabric include softness, coolness, non-allergenicity and no bullets. Because cotton fabric can pass air through it, it can transfer body heat outside in hot seasons and cool a person. Cotton fabric has various colors, which according to the fibers used in its production, has three types: natural, synthetic and mixed.

Suede fabric
Suede fabric is also one of the fabrics that have a natural origin, this type of fabric is produced during a special process from the skins of sheep, calves, goats and deer, and during this process, its fleshy surface becomes creamy. There are irregularities on the surface of the suede fabric, which are known as leather because this type of fabric is a kind of thin leather. Other features of suede fabric include that it gets dirty quickly, so it is recommended that suede fabric be kept away from any dirt and grease. Also, suede fabric has a high resistance and air can not withstand it. It can penetrate slowly, so it can be used for sewing coats in cold seasons, which can double the beauty of coats because suede fabric has a state between leather and velvet.

Satin fabric
Polyester, silk, nylon, cotton and… are used to produce satin fabric. Satin fabric has various types, including satin fabrics such as jeweled, turquoise, glass, back, love and.. Satin fabric has a smooth and shiny surface, also due to its light weight, it needs high care and is used in sewing women’s clothes.

velvet fabric
Velvet fabric is considered as one of the luxury and expensive fabrics because its production process is hard and difficult. However, today, due to the advancement of technology and the use of advanced machinery for the production of velvet fabric, the cost of production of this fabric has decreased. Velvet fabric is a fluffy fabric woven from cotton, silk, wool or linen. Velvet fabric is used to produce bedspreads, clothes, curtains and

Lace and guipure fabric
Another type of fabric is lace and guipure. Cotton and guipure fabrics have no background and are produced from cotton and silk textures in a prominent and thick form. Lace fabric, which is one of the most expensive fabrics, is woven on a net and is made of silk threads. Among the other features of lace fabric, we can mention its beauty and elegance, so that this type of fabric is used for sewing wedding dresses. The lace fabric does not have a rough back from the fabric, and prominent designs on its nets Delicate and shiny work. Another point that we should mention about lace fabrics is that this type of fabric has three types of embossed, unworked and worked.

Viscose fabric
Raven or viscose fabric is one of the fabrics that are of natural origin and have a plant nature. Viscose fabrics are produced in the form of short lint fibers and long lint fibers, and the only difference between this type of fabric and fabrics such as cotton and linen is that the process of producing their fibers is different, and viscose fabric is like the process of producing paper from Cellulose kneading is obtained. Among the features of this type of fabric, we can mention its low strength, moisture absorption and coolness. Also, due to the cool properties of this type of fabric, it can be used to sew warm season clothes. Another thing to note about viscose fabric is that moisture can reduce the strength of this type of fabric, in other words, if viscose fabrics get wet, their life will be shortened. Also, in the production of viscose fabric, sometimes 50% of the fabric is used. It is interesting to know that viscose fabric is also known as “man-made” because, unlike fabrics such as nylon and polyester, which are completely synthetic and made from petroleum products, are produced by man himself.

Lame fabric
Today, Lameh fabric is one of the most popular fabrics among women and this issue is used in sewing parliamentary clothes due to its beauty. Lameh fabric is made of shiny yarns and colored fibers. Also, some people are afraid that they will be damaged when washing the fabric due to the serrated shape of the Lameh fabric, but there is no need to worry because only the wreaths when washing the Lameh fabric. The excess sheds and does not damage the fabric.

silk fabric
Made of natural fibers, this fabric is a type of thin silk that is similar to Fastoni, Wall and Lace fabrics. There are different types of silk fabric, which are: silk crepe, silk silk, curtain silk, satin silk and…

Hemp fabric
Hemp fabric is also one of the fabrics that is of natural origin and is produced from a plant called hemp. This type of plant has stems covered with thorns and bushes, this plant is extracted from the seeds of edible oil. Its main areas are different parts of Africa. Hemp fabrics made from hemp plant have a special type of texture and material. Hemp fabrics also have a special smell that you can wash the fabric and spread it in the sun to eliminate this odor, but note that the smell does not disappear completely. A feature that should be mentioned about hemp fabrics is that this type of fabric is used in art tools, dress design, and bridal decoration.

Crepe fabric
Crepe fabric has a thin lace shape that is produced from wool, polyester or silk. Crepe fabric is a good choice for sewing cold season clothes because it does not pass air.

Stenter machine has a very important role in dyeing, printing and finishing operations on fabrics, the most important of which is to create dimensional stability on the fabric. The method of this machine is that the fabric is inserted into the machine in an open width and the edges of the fabric are restrained and stretched on both sides in the form of needles or clips. The amount of elongation in this machine depends on the final width of the fabric. Dimensional stabilization is done by heat.
Introduction
Most industrialized and developed countries first started with the textile industry and built a bridge from this industry to reach stable economic frontiers and other industries, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and France, which today are industrialized and developed countries. They are remembered. Although our country has been the flagship of this industry in the distant past, according to the museums of the world, but unfortunately today we could not benefit much from this industry. At present, our textile industry has been hit hard by the entry of Chinese products into the market. On the other hand, in our country in the field of textile industry, proper and necessary research has not been done. One of the factors of economic progress in this industry is research and innovation, which unfortunately has received less attention.
STENTER device
When the fabric is woven on a weaving machine in the warp and weft system, it is subjected to high tension, both in the warp and weft direction. So that if we cut a part of the woven fabric on the machine and put it on a flat surface to relax, after a while, due to the weaving stresses being removed from it, changes in the dimensions of the fabric will be achieved. . In other words, the fabric shrinks. How about we wash this cloth? In this case, in popular parlance, it is said that the cloth is gone. If, for example, this fabric is used to make a shirt or pants, after the first wash, the shirt or pants can no longer be used due to reduced dimensions. To overcome this problem, European craftsmen introduced a machine as a stenter, the basis of which is to create dimensional stability in the fabric. In this way, the fabric is inserted into this machine and the fabric is pulled to the desired width, then it is passed through a heat chamber. The fabric is thermostated and fixed after passing through this chamber.
The role of the stenter device
The role of the stenter machine in completing the textile product, both economically which is effective on the cost price of the product, and in terms of quality properties such as dimensional stability, subdivision, as well as various other complementary methods that are performed simultaneously in this machine. Due to the importance of this research device, its effect on the physical properties of warp and weft fabric, including resistance in the direction of warp or weft, is investigated. The method was defined as determining the blur and weft density of the fabrics before entering the stenter and also measuring these fabrics in the direction of the warp and weft. After leaving the stenter, the above tests were performed on the fabrics again. In fact, the purpose of this work is mainly to investigate the effect of the stenter on the two parameters of warp and weft density and resistance in the weft and weft direction.

Wash your clothes less.
If you spill red syrup on your light-colored clothes or sweat on your white clothes, turn them upside down before washing. Then hang them upside down to get more air. Washing in the washing machine often does less damage to clothes than hand washing and helps them last longer. By changing clothes daily, you can prevent them from getting too dirty and reduce the frequency of washing them.
Use mild detergents
Excessive use of detergents makes your clothes dirtier because the high foam keeps bacteria and dirt on the fabric. As a result, we also wear dirty clothes or have to wash them more. If you do not wash the clothes by hand, fill the washing machine part to the normal line. Also use detergents that cause the least damage to your clothes, detergents that are chosen for baby clothes usually have this feature and do less damage to your clothes.
Use cold water
The label on the clothes tells you the maximum washing temperature, but that does not mean that you must use this temperature. With cold water, most clothes are adequately cleaned and do not wrinkle or discolor like hot water. If necessary, you can use more detergent that contains sodium bicarbonate for extra cleanliness.
Categories of different textures
Most people categorize clothes into light and dark colors for washing. Another type of clothing separation is based on fabric texture, which can be divided into two categories: rough or soft texture. By separating the clothes with this method, the softer clothes will be prevented from being worn by heavier clothes and they will be more durable. You can also use a quiet distance for thinner clothes such as T-shirts and underwear.
Drying in the air
After washing clothes by drying them in the air, in addition to causing less damage to the fabric, sunlight also stops the growth of possible bacteria in the clothes. So dry your clothes in the open air as much as possible.
Use clothes hangers to dry clothes
If it was not possible for you to dry your clothes in the open air and you could not use sunlight to dry your clothes on rainy days. You can use clothes hangers or portable hangers.
Store textured clothes in a dry place
Clothes made of woven fabrics, such as sweaters, T-shirts, etc., will change shape or loosen very quickly. To keep such clothes in their original shape, avoid hanging them. Fold and hold it instead. If you have to hang the clothes to prevent them from wrinkling, first turn them upside down and place them on a wooden hanger.

Finishing is the name of a set of different activities performed on fibers, yarns and fabrics to improve its properties or add new properties to it. The purpose of the final finishing operation on the fabric is to increase the quality of the fabric and attract the customer’s attention.
Types of fabric finishing process
Preliminary completion: Preliminary completion of this operation is as preparing the fibers to enter the spinning or preparing the fabric to enter the printing or dyeing. These operations include:

– Scouring: which is for wool fibers. Because the wool is very dirty and stinky after being arranged.

– Carbonization: In addition to fat, raw wool has some thorns and debris that are not separated from the fibers by washing the wool. With the help of a strong acid, thorns and chips and fatty substances in wool are hydrolyzed and become charcoal. And by shaking the fibers, the impurities fall off.

– Fabric washing: Fabrics that are produced in the weaving section are generally somewhat dirty and oily and should be washed. To be ready to take the next steps.

Intermediate finishing: The operation of intermediate finishing of the fabric includes completions that give the fabric new properties. Some of these additions include: Steaming the yarn to stabilize the warp, and Bleaching to stabilize the color. In this process, the fabric is bleached with bleach to make it look better, or dyed and printed on. They are better done. Mercerizing This operation is done only on cotton fibers for better absorption of materials and dyes. Concentrated caustic soda is placed on cotton for a short time and washed quickly.

Final Finishing: Final Finishing This group of finishes is used when the fabric goes through the final stages of production and is then packaged and sold. Chlorination of wool to prevent the appearance of dampness and ugliness of the appearance of flame wool fabric (Flame Resistance) fabric or yarn to be more resistant to fire or fire spread. Watter Proof Repellent In this operation, water penetration into the fabric is reduced.
Fabric width stabilization, light bleaching and even embossing can be considered as this type of completion. After the whole operation has been done on the fabric, the fabric is carefully examined once and after grading in terms of quality, it is packaged and marketed.

The tensile property of the yarn can be defined as the maximum force required to break or disintegrate the material. This parameter is very important in the production of yarn, because it directly affects the strength of the fabric made with yarn. Two methods are used to measure yarn strength. In the first method, the strength of monolayer is determined. Newton (N) and cN units are usually used to determine yarn strength. The amount of force required for an object with a mass of one kilogram to start moving at a rate of one meter per square second is called a Newton force. One-layer yarn strength provides information about yarn spinning machine and knitting machine efficiency. In order to calculate the effect of yarn compound strength, the yarn strength strength product (CLSP) of yarn is calculated. A 120-yard Lee is produced using a yarn wrapping tube. Lee’s weight is determined by calculating the yarn score with the following formula: The number of yarn spuns divided by their weight in pounds. Li strength is determined using a Li strength device that has two jaws (one of which is fixed and the other is connected to the load). Using the principle of constant loading rate, the tensile strength of Lee can be determined.

Constant tensile rate (CRE)
Such machines have a constant elongation rate of the laboratory sample; As the load increases, the measuring mechanism will have very little motion. This device is based on the Tensorapid-4 principle, which is used to measure the tensile strength of a single-strand yarn that has a constant elongation rate.
Constant loading rate (CRL)
In this case, the device enters the load on the sample, which over time increases the amount of load continuously. The test specimen can be drawn freely, the degree of tension of the yarn depends on the characteristics of the load applied to it. Lee’s strength device works on this principle.
Fixed Traverse Rate (CRT)
In this type of device, two tensile clamps are used to evaluate the tensile strength of the sample. One clamp moves at a constant speed and the load is applied by the second clamp; This clamp is responsible for activating the load measuring mechanism. Older devices, such as fabric tensile strength testers, typically use this mechanism.

Determination of tensile strength of yarn
Tensile strength of yarn by coiled method
In this method, the thread is wrapped by a tube on a coil known as Lee; This method is used to measure the linear density of the yarn, in which the two free ends of the yarn are tied together. Lee mounts on two jaws of the tensile strength tester. Lee is then subjected to an incremental tensile force and the force exerted on it is recorded. Since a part of Lee finally breaks at a point in the weakest area of ​​the yarn, the maximum force applied refers to the pound or kilogram. The minimum strength of 10 li should be measured from the same score using the above method and then the average of the measurements should be calculated. The English standard refers to 10 li or coil wrapped at a distance of 1 meter 100 turns. This test is performed at a certain speed, in other words, the breaking point is between s 3 ± ۲۰ On the other hand, a constant speed of 300 mm per minute may also be used. Most likely, the yarn that should be spun on a 10-spool wool or cotton frame should be tested with at least 20 wool spins. This method does not apply to yarns made of durable fibers.

Product strength score or CLSP
Product Quality Assessment (CLSP) is a term used to assess the quality of staple and spun cotton yarns. This factor depends on the quality of the Lee formed on the rotating tube with a circumference of 1.5 yards; Lee’s 80 spins have a length of 120 yards. In this case, quality is usually expressed in pounds-force (lbf). The yarn strength is also measured in pounds, then multiplied by the English cotton yarn score to finally obtain the product strength score or CLSP.

CLSP (product strength Lee score) = score (Nec) * Lee strength (in pounds)

Tensile strength by monolayer method

Yarn tensile testing is usually performed according to ISO 2062 and ASTM D2256 standards. These tests are performed to determine the force required for yarn rupture, elongation, and to determine the yarn stiffness characteristics (force required for yarn rupture). Yarn break strength is the ratio of the force required to break a yarn to its linear density, and is a common feature for evaluating the strength of yarn components and a tool for testing and validating experiments. Tying the test sample thread is necessary because the loading axis must be aligned with the sample axis. This alignment can be easily achieved and repeated using belt pin clamps. Factors such as sharp edges or changes in the test path may cause the sample to fail outside the measuring section, in which case the strength obtained will be much less than the actual strength of the yarn. Belt clamps also help prevent this, as the yarn will never undergo severe geometric changes if used. Since the elongation properties are very important in the application of cotton products, the yarn should be prevented from slipping during the test; Therefore, instead of using a set of clamp jaws, the load is evenly distributed on the straps.

Fabric design reflects the culture, ethnicity, personality and status of a person and therefore has a lot of value and importance, and for this reason, fabric design should be highly valued in clothing design training. Fabric design, because on the one hand, this field plays an important role in preserving the culture and nationality of a country, and on the other hand, it can bring the best, most comfortable and most practical clothes and fabrics to the people of the society. Those who are interested in textile design should know the visual arts and have creativity and artistic vision. The purpose of the fabric design field; The basic design of the fabric is while preserving artistic creativity, and finally this product should enter the market in the form of mass production. Academic knowledge is one of the basic pillars of this work and it can be entered with the necessary knowledge and skills. Fabric design is a type of work that can be achieved only when there is love and interest in it and also you have passed the academic training of fabric design. Love and affection come only with knowledge of the subject; This also creates perseverance and perseverance.

The main task of a fabric designer is to design and produce artistic elements according to the technical points of textiles for fabrics, which are mainly used in clothing. In other words, the field of fabric design is the process of creating a role on the fabric and transferring art to the textile. Fibers, yarn type, yarn grade, color, product application and production system are technical points that should be considered during a designer’s design. Fabric design is a field of art and application, which has three trends: 1- Design of clothing 2- Design, printing of fabric 3- Design of fabric texture.

Textile Design – Trend Design ‌ Clothing

Fabric design Trend Clothing design has two main branches: embroidery or masonry and industry, which ‌ The embroidery branch deals with the design, design and sewing of clothes for different people, and the branch of industry, which is more practical, fabric design is divided into different parts, which can be divided into parts. He mentioned children’s shirts, women’s shirts, men’s clothes, and so on.

In the field of textile design – clothing design orientation – he teaches applied design, fashion and fashion design, which includes applied design, including clothing design, occupations, and various groups in society such as athletes, the three forces of the army, and the like. ; Fabric Design In this section, the designer shows his creativity with his work so that other people can get ideas from this new design and offer new works to the market.

Fabric Design – Design, Printing, Fabric

In the textile printing design trend, students are taught how to design woven fabrics. In the design of fabric printing, in terms of color, design is facing reportage. Reporting means that the designer repeats the design on the fabric in such a way that this repetition does not bother the eye. As well as the type of fabric printing, which can be rotary, silk, roller or modern printing; Presents its design.

Fabric Design Field – Trend ‌ Design ‌ Fabric ‌

In the field of fabric weaving, it designs and embroiders the fabric. In other words, the discipline is familiar with the texture design of fabrics whose structure is made of taropod. The textile design student plays with the fabric taropod to present a new design, and in this regard, it is necessary for him to be familiar with the types of fabric weaves in order to be able to present the desired design according to each type of application.


Yarn stretching plays an important role in weaving and fabric production, and has a significant impact on the efficiency of various processes such as yarn spinning on the spool, yarn twisting and yarn splicing. Proper yarn tension is required to produce suitable yarn packages, warp yarn spools, to produce weft yarn packages and to wrap yarn on weft tubes or spools for use in knitting machines to weave the fabric.

Yarn tension means the tensile stress that occurs when the yarn is exposed to external tensile strain. Therefore, the amount of yarn tension depends on the external strain. Stress is expressed in grams or Newtons. More tension of the yarn leads to tighter packaging of the yarn and vice versa.

Yarn stretching in the preliminary stage of weaving

In the tissue preparation stage, yarn stretching is necessary for various reasons. In the spinning process, the spun yarn is wrapped around a spool to prepare the yarn package with the desired shape and size and with the necessary density. If a suitable amount of tension is applied to the yarn during the spinning process during the spinning process, a suitable yarn package will be produced. Proper shape and stability of the yarn packaging makes the yarn easy to open in the next steps and can withstand the packaging during transportation without loosening.
In the weaving preparation stage, the warp or weft yarns are first opened from the same packages and then repacked in different molds two or even three times before they become ready-made packages for the knitting machine. (Or wrapped in various tubes). While opening the yarn from the package, the yarn is stretched due to inertia; Now what happens to the package that the yarn comes out of by spinning and the yarn that comes out of the fixed package.
To make yarn bundles with the required shape, size, and degree of stability, the yarn must be re-wrapped around other tubes and must be under constant tension during this process. In addition, the yarn is usually subjected to some stretching during the initial stages of weaving; This will eliminate some of the thread defects (such as weak spots). The amount of yarn tension is adjusted based on the grade and tensile strength of the yarn so that it is torn in weak places, but the yarn is not stretched enough to lose its elasticity. The tensile properties of opening the yarn from the package depend on factors such as the opening speed of the yarn, the size of the package, the height of the balloon, the grade of the yarn, the type of stretching machine used, and so on.

The role of yarn tension in fabric texture
The factor that plays the most vital role among the various stages of textile processing from spinning to weaving is yarn stretching. In order for the fabric weaving operation to function properly, the tension of the warp yarns is necessary for the correct formation of the warp yarn opening; Because weaving threads are supposed to be placed in it. In addition, the tension of the yarn is important for other reasons, because it is the yarn that must keep the fabric in a proper position and prevent it from falling in order to weave the fabric in the form of predetermined intervals. High-density fabrics require more yarn tension, while loose fabrics require less yarn tension to meet tissue requirements. The tension of the weft yarn helps to eliminate the looseness and torsion of the weft yarn when it is placed in the opening of the warp yarn and causes the weaving to take place at the desired distances. Since warp and weft yarns need to be woven together to form a fabric, the tension of the yarns due to their complexity determines the amount of wrinkles applied to the set of two yarns, which in turn affects the properties of the resulting fabric. Affect.
Therefore, yarn tension is one of the most important parameters in different stages of textile processing. Yarn tension in each of the processing steps has a significant impact on the performance and efficiency of the machines and the quality of the products made. Always try to keep the yarn tension as low as possible for certain purposes during processing and keep this level of yarn tension constant during the process. It is also best to keep the yarn tension as uniform as possible during the process. Excessive yarn tension or excessive changes in it can cause the yarn strain to be too high, which can lead to yarn breakage, which in turn reduces the efficiency of the machines and the quality of the product.


Visual inspection and grading of fabrics
This is the most common way to decide whether or not to accept a piece; In this method, the fabric roll is first loaded and the inspection table is equipped with different types of lamps with different lights and intensities. The fabric passes over the inspection table at a certain speed and a specialist visually examines the predetermined errors.
Based on the dimension, severity and nature of the fabric defects, a certain number of points are inspected per meter of fabric. Often the degree of freedom of the system being tested is more than one.
This is repeated for the entire sample rolls (selected from the total number of fabric rolls). At the end, the total points and area of ​​the fabric to be tested are calculated. The results are then expressed in points per 100 square units (square yards or square meters) or 100 linear units (meters or yards) of fabric.

Fabric color test
A standard method for testing fabric color is to check the Pantone color reference number based on the color chosen by the customer. In this method, the dyed fabric is matched with the Pantone color reference and the fabric is accepted according to their degree of compatibility. Garment manufacturers usually match the color of the fabric with the color of the fabric sample already approved by the customer. Fabric samples are prepared in the pre-production stages according to the Pantone number specified by the customer. After the color samples have been approved after several tests, the supplier is asked to act on the approved items. The supplier is expected to use the same instructions in dyeing fabric samples.

Fabric tear resistance test
One thing that is generally considered about the parameters related to the strength of the fabric is the resistance of the fabric to tearing. This experiment has a special place in the fabric trade. The ball burst test is used to test the tear strength of the fabric. A sample of fabric taken from a fabric or garment roll is placed between the grooved plates of the test machine and fastened with screws. A rigid steel ball is attached to the actuator clamp of the machine pendulum which applies force to the fabric; The force is then applied to the fabric by the pendulum bullet from the right until the fabric is torn. The force required to tear the fabric (read from the machine) is the same as the tear strength of the fabric.
There are two standard methods for this test: the ASTM-D3787 reference is used at the traverse constant rate and the ASTM-D6797 reference standard is used at the fixed traction rate (CRE).

Yarn slip test
One of the major problems that occurs when sewing fabrics is the slipping of the yarn. Fabrics and other sewing products must be sufficiently resistant to slipping of the yarn along the seams. This test is performed to determine the resistance of the warp yarn to slip on the warp yarn or to test the resistance of the warp yarn to slip on the warp yarn using a standard seam.
To test the slip of the warp yarn on the weft yarn, a sample of the fabric is cut from its wider side along the weft of the fabric. The sample is then folded and a standard seam is made parallel to the warp yarn at a certain distance from the folded edge of the sample. In the next step, the sample is closed as a standard between the two jaws of the traction test machine; In this case, the fabric seam should be located in the center of the jaws. The fabric load elongation curve is placed on the fabric load elongation curve of the same type (which has a standard sewn seam parallel to the yarns being tested). Fabric resistance to yarn slip is expressed as a load in which slip of a certain size is observed. This test must be performed in accordance with ASTM-D434.

Air permeability
Permeability is the ability of a fabric to pass air perpendicular to its surface. This is an important test for accepting or rejecting commercial shipments. This is also very important in the production of clothing, because a fabric that has low air permeability does not allow sweat to evaporate; Hence, it causes skin irritation and bad body odor (due to the accumulation of sweat). Therefore, air permeability should probably be tested before selecting a fabric for clothing production.
In this experiment, by measuring the velocity of the air flow that passes vertically through the surface of the fabric, the difference in air pressure between the two surfaces of the fabric can be obtained. The amount of air permeability from the fabric surface is calculated based on the speed of air flow. The air permeability scale is cm3 / s / cm2 or ft3 / min / ft2. This test is performed according to ASTM-D737 standard.

Changes in fabric dimensions after washing
The amount of dehydration of the fabric is one of the most important factors in choosing a fabric for the production of clothing. If the fabric is not drained, the clothes may shrink after washing and the person may no longer be able to wear them. For this purpose, the amount of water loss of the fabric is calculated both in the direction of the warp and in the direction of the fabric weave, and the characteristics of the fabric in the cutting room are adjusted based on them. The sewn clothes may look big in terms of dimensions, but after washing, they match the sizes desired by the customers. This is exactly why the amount of elongation (stretch) of the fabric is very important.
To calculate the water flow rate of the fabric, a square sample is cut in a certain size from the fabric roll. Another square with dimensions smaller than this square is drawn inside it, the distance between the sides of the smaller square and the larger square should be the same in all 4 sides of the square. This is done because the edges of the fabric may shave during washing, reducing the size of the fabric; In this case, the actual water content of the fabric is not well known. The specified sample is then washed and dried according to standard conditions.


The lint problem occurs when the short strands of clothing become loose, tangled, and end up looking like bullets. In fact, the main cause of lint is due to the wear of the clothes in the process of washing and wearing.
Fluffing clothes will make your clothes look old and uncomfortable. So that after a while you will probably stop wearing it.

Solutions to prevent lint
Put a distance between wearing clothes
It is better to give it a little rest after wearing it once or twice in a row and wear it again. Because one of the reasons for fluffing clothes is their constant use. What you need to know is that wearing too much of a garment can cause the fabric to become stretchy. As a result, shorter strands become tangled and form villi.

Do not use a backpack!
Backpack is one of the items that is effective in creating lint in clothes. Due to the wear and tear of the backpack, the fabric fibers become fluffy. Especially areas such as the armpits, shoulders and back that are in direct contact with the backpack.

Scorpion stains
Usually our first reaction to remove stains from clothes is to put some stains on it and rub the fabric tightly together to remove the stains. But this is one of the factors that causes lint on the fabric.

Proper washing of clothes
Improper washing of fluffy clothes is more likely to cause fluff. To prevent this from happening, it is better to follow some tips:

Turn the clothes over. In this case, if it gives fluffy clothes, it will be created on the back of the clothes and it will not be visible. In addition, you can use protective netting to wash the car so that less damage is done to the clothes.

An easy solution to get rid of lint
One of the easiest and most practical ways to get rid of lint is to use a very simple shaving razor. Iron the desired garment and then hold the fabric firmly and pull the razor on the surface of the fabric. Empty the villi from the side of the razor and then pull on the fabric with a roll of villi. Remember that the razor you choose should not be soapy as it will cause more lint on the fabric.

Chewing gum is one of the most popular foods, but one certainly does not like chewing gum to stick to clothes or equipment. Definitely cleaning gum is just as hard as removing ink stains from clothes. Once the gum has stuck, you may be able to remove some of the surface, but some of the gum remains on the clothes. What can be done to solve this problem? There are many ways to clean chewing gum, including freezing, boiling, drinking alcohol, and so on. In this article, we will explain the different methods of chewing gum, all of which are simple and practical.

۱- Use washing liquid

Pour the detergent on the part of the garment to which the gum is attached. Brush the gum with a toothbrush. This will cause the gum to separate. Using a slow knife, pull completely on the gum. Finally, remove the remaining gum with your fingernail. Wash clothes with laundry detergent.

۲- Use Auto

Place the part of the garment to which the gum is attached on pieces of cardboard. This puts the gum between the fabric and the cardboard. Iron the desired part. As a result, the gum sticks to the cardboard. Keep doing this until all the gum has been transferred to the cardboard. Wash clothes or cloth. Finally, all the gum must be removed from the cloth.

۳- Alcohol use

Use alcohol to clean thin cloths. Alcohol does not stain the fabric and does not discolor it. Take a napkin or sponge and pour a little alcohol on it. Rub the sponge on the gum and let the alcohol affect it for a few minutes. Apply to the gum with a wooden spatula or brush. This way you can easily remove the gum. If necessary, wet the desired area with emollient. Then wash it with detergent and water and dry it.

۴- to freeze

Fold the dress or fabric. So that the gum is facing out and you can see it. Put clothes or cloth in a freezer bag. Be careful that the gum does not stick to the bag. Close the freezer bag and put it in the freezer for a few hours. The purpose of this is to freeze the gum. Depending on the size of the gum and where the fabric sticks, you can put the plastic in the freezer for two to three hours. In any case, be careful that nothing puts pressure on the clothes and the freezer has enough space to put the bag.

Next, take the plastic out of the freezer and take out the clothes or fabric.

Quickly remove the gum from the clothes. You can use an old, slow knife to do this so that the clothes are not damaged. Do not allow the gum to heat up. It is easier to remove the gum when it is frozen. If the gum softens before separation. You can put the clothes back in the freezer to freeze the gum or put a piece of ice on it.

۵- Boiling

Put a piece of clothing with gum stuck in boiling water. Brush the gum with a toothbrush or knife as the clothes get wet. Continue to clean clothes in water. Allow the clothes to dry and repeat if necessary.

You can also use kettle steam to remove gum. Boil some water in the kettle. Place the part of the gum stuck on top of the kettle mouth so that the steam enters it directly (you do not need to put the clothes in the kettle). Give it a minute or so until the gum softens. Using a toothbrush, remove the gum from the clothes.