Denim fabric
In Iran, many people mistakenly know denim fabric as Lee fabric, and this is because this fabric has become famous in Iran under the Lee brand. Due to the beautiful and stylish denim fabric, this fabric is a favorite of all tastes so that it never goes out of fashion. Denim fabric has an uneven cotton texture, in the texture of this fabric two threads or more pass under. This fabric has a variety of paper, cotton, thick, elastic and non-elastic and has a very good strength and thickness. Also, denim, which is considered one of the fashion styles in the world today, is dyed using plants.

cotton fabric
As the name implies, linen fabric is made of flax stem fibers. Flax is an annual herbaceous plant and has a stem with soft and long fibers and matte green leaves, which of course are also obtained from flax yarn. Linen fabric, which is known as the king of fabrics, has the ability to absorb high and cool water, so that it can be said that clothes made of linen fabrics are very suitable for summer and spring seasons. Other features of linen fabric include its smooth and shiny surface, also because linen fabric is one of the fabrics that change size after washing, it is recommended before people apply Cut the fabric for sewing clothes and wash once. Also, this type of fabric has a long life and low weight and easily wrinkles.

Silk fabric
Silk fabric is one of the fabrics that are made of natural fibers. This type of fabric is made of silkworm cocoons and also because of the natural nature of this type of fabric, when they are burned, they smell like burnt hair. Silk fabric is obtained by boiling the inner cocoon of silkworm, but silk produced by boiling the cocoon has brittle silk threads. Silk fabric is also one of the fabrics that can be biodegradable. Silk fabric is one of the strongest fabrics in the world that has a soft and shiny surface. Due to the protein in the fibers of this fabric, the silk fabric does not pass heat and keeps it. Another point that we should mention about silk fabric is that this type of fabric is one of the luxurious and expensive fabrics and is used in sewing ties, scarves, coats, suits, home appliances and 2 pieces of fabric. Silk is used.

cotton fabric
In colloquial language, cotton fabric is called cotton fabric. Cotton fabric is a soft and comfortable fabric and can pass air. Cotton or cotton cloth, as its name implies, is made from a moist cotton plant. This plant needs a lot of water to grow, but because organic cotton does not pose a risk at any stage of its growth. It is the best choice for people and the environment. Also, in the case of cotton or cotton fabric, we must say that this type of fabric is the most widely used type of fabric, as it is used to produce more than 30 types of fabrics. Other characteristics of cotton fabric include softness, coolness, non-allergenicity and no bullets. Because cotton fabric can pass air through it, it can transfer body heat outside in hot seasons and cool a person. Cotton fabric has various colors, which according to the fibers used in its production, has three types: natural, synthetic and mixed.

Suede fabric
Suede fabric is also one of the fabrics that have a natural origin, this type of fabric is produced during a special process from the skins of sheep, calves, goats and deer, and during this process, its fleshy surface becomes creamy. There are irregularities on the surface of the suede fabric, which are known as leather because this type of fabric is a kind of thin leather. Other features of suede fabric include that it gets dirty quickly, so it is recommended that suede fabric be kept away from any dirt and grease. Also, suede fabric has a high resistance and air can not withstand it. It can penetrate slowly, so it can be used for sewing coats in cold seasons, which can double the beauty of coats because suede fabric has a state between leather and velvet.

Satin fabric
Polyester, silk, nylon, cotton and… are used to produce satin fabric. Satin fabric has various types, including satin fabrics such as jeweled, turquoise, glass, back, love and.. Satin fabric has a smooth and shiny surface, also due to its light weight, it needs high care and is used in sewing women’s clothes.

velvet fabric
Velvet fabric is considered as one of the luxury and expensive fabrics because its production process is hard and difficult. However, today, due to the advancement of technology and the use of advanced machinery for the production of velvet fabric, the cost of production of this fabric has decreased. Velvet fabric is a fluffy fabric woven from cotton, silk, wool or linen. Velvet fabric is used to produce bedspreads, clothes, curtains and

Lace and guipure fabric
Another type of fabric is lace and guipure. Cotton and guipure fabrics have no background and are produced from cotton and silk textures in a prominent and thick form. Lace fabric, which is one of the most expensive fabrics, is woven on a net and is made of silk threads. Among the other features of lace fabric, we can mention its beauty and elegance, so that this type of fabric is used for sewing wedding dresses. The lace fabric does not have a rough back from the fabric, and prominent designs on its nets Delicate and shiny work. Another point that we should mention about lace fabrics is that this type of fabric has three types of embossed, unworked and worked.

Viscose fabric
Raven or viscose fabric is one of the fabrics that are of natural origin and have a plant nature. Viscose fabrics are produced in the form of short lint fibers and long lint fibers, and the only difference between this type of fabric and fabrics such as cotton and linen is that the process of producing their fibers is different, and viscose fabric is like the process of producing paper from Cellulose kneading is obtained. Among the features of this type of fabric, we can mention its low strength, moisture absorption and coolness. Also, due to the cool properties of this type of fabric, it can be used to sew warm season clothes. Another thing to note about viscose fabric is that moisture can reduce the strength of this type of fabric, in other words, if viscose fabrics get wet, their life will be shortened. Also, in the production of viscose fabric, sometimes 50% of the fabric is used. It is interesting to know that viscose fabric is also known as “man-made” because, unlike fabrics such as nylon and polyester, which are completely synthetic and made from petroleum products, are produced by man himself.

Lame fabric
Today, Lameh fabric is one of the most popular fabrics among women and this issue is used in sewing parliamentary clothes due to its beauty. Lameh fabric is made of shiny yarns and colored fibers. Also, some people are afraid that they will be damaged when washing the fabric due to the serrated shape of the Lameh fabric, but there is no need to worry because only the wreaths when washing the Lameh fabric. The excess sheds and does not damage the fabric.

silk fabric
Made of natural fibers, this fabric is a type of thin silk that is similar to Fastoni, Wall and Lace fabrics. There are different types of silk fabric, which are: silk crepe, silk silk, curtain silk, satin silk and…

Hemp fabric
Hemp fabric is also one of the fabrics that is of natural origin and is produced from a plant called hemp. This type of plant has stems covered with thorns and bushes, this plant is extracted from the seeds of edible oil. Its main areas are different parts of Africa. Hemp fabrics made from hemp plant have a special type of texture and material. Hemp fabrics also have a special smell that you can wash the fabric and spread it in the sun to eliminate this odor, but note that the smell does not disappear completely. A feature that should be mentioned about hemp fabrics is that this type of fabric is used in art tools, dress design, and bridal decoration.

Crepe fabric
Crepe fabric has a thin lace shape that is produced from wool, polyester or silk. Crepe fabric is a good choice for sewing cold season clothes because it does not pass air.

Wash your clothes less.
If you spill red syrup on your light-colored clothes or sweat on your white clothes, turn them upside down before washing. Then hang them upside down to get more air. Washing in the washing machine often does less damage to clothes than hand washing and helps them last longer. By changing clothes daily, you can prevent them from getting too dirty and reduce the frequency of washing them.
Use mild detergents
Excessive use of detergents makes your clothes dirtier because the high foam keeps bacteria and dirt on the fabric. As a result, we also wear dirty clothes or have to wash them more. If you do not wash the clothes by hand, fill the washing machine part to the normal line. Also use detergents that cause the least damage to your clothes, detergents that are chosen for baby clothes usually have this feature and do less damage to your clothes.
Use cold water
The label on the clothes tells you the maximum washing temperature, but that does not mean that you must use this temperature. With cold water, most clothes are adequately cleaned and do not wrinkle or discolor like hot water. If necessary, you can use more detergent that contains sodium bicarbonate for extra cleanliness.
Categories of different textures
Most people categorize clothes into light and dark colors for washing. Another type of clothing separation is based on fabric texture, which can be divided into two categories: rough or soft texture. By separating the clothes with this method, the softer clothes will be prevented from being worn by heavier clothes and they will be more durable. You can also use a quiet distance for thinner clothes such as T-shirts and underwear.
Drying in the air
After washing clothes by drying them in the air, in addition to causing less damage to the fabric, sunlight also stops the growth of possible bacteria in the clothes. So dry your clothes in the open air as much as possible.
Use clothes hangers to dry clothes
If it was not possible for you to dry your clothes in the open air and you could not use sunlight to dry your clothes on rainy days. You can use clothes hangers or portable hangers.
Store textured clothes in a dry place
Clothes made of woven fabrics, such as sweaters, T-shirts, etc., will change shape or loosen very quickly. To keep such clothes in their original shape, avoid hanging them. Fold and hold it instead. If you have to hang the clothes to prevent them from wrinkling, first turn them upside down and place them on a wooden hanger.

The tensile property of the yarn can be defined as the maximum force required to break or disintegrate the material. This parameter is very important in the production of yarn, because it directly affects the strength of the fabric made with yarn. Two methods are used to measure yarn strength. In the first method, the strength of monolayer is determined. Newton (N) and cN units are usually used to determine yarn strength. The amount of force required for an object with a mass of one kilogram to start moving at a rate of one meter per square second is called a Newton force. One-layer yarn strength provides information about yarn spinning machine and knitting machine efficiency. In order to calculate the effect of yarn compound strength, the yarn strength strength product (CLSP) of yarn is calculated. A 120-yard Lee is produced using a yarn wrapping tube. Lee’s weight is determined by calculating the yarn score with the following formula: The number of yarn spuns divided by their weight in pounds. Li strength is determined using a Li strength device that has two jaws (one of which is fixed and the other is connected to the load). Using the principle of constant loading rate, the tensile strength of Lee can be determined.

Constant tensile rate (CRE)
Such machines have a constant elongation rate of the laboratory sample; As the load increases, the measuring mechanism will have very little motion. This device is based on the Tensorapid-4 principle, which is used to measure the tensile strength of a single-strand yarn that has a constant elongation rate.
Constant loading rate (CRL)
In this case, the device enters the load on the sample, which over time increases the amount of load continuously. The test specimen can be drawn freely, the degree of tension of the yarn depends on the characteristics of the load applied to it. Lee’s strength device works on this principle.
Fixed Traverse Rate (CRT)
In this type of device, two tensile clamps are used to evaluate the tensile strength of the sample. One clamp moves at a constant speed and the load is applied by the second clamp; This clamp is responsible for activating the load measuring mechanism. Older devices, such as fabric tensile strength testers, typically use this mechanism.

Determination of tensile strength of yarn
Tensile strength of yarn by coiled method
In this method, the thread is wrapped by a tube on a coil known as Lee; This method is used to measure the linear density of the yarn, in which the two free ends of the yarn are tied together. Lee mounts on two jaws of the tensile strength tester. Lee is then subjected to an incremental tensile force and the force exerted on it is recorded. Since a part of Lee finally breaks at a point in the weakest area of ​​the yarn, the maximum force applied refers to the pound or kilogram. The minimum strength of 10 li should be measured from the same score using the above method and then the average of the measurements should be calculated. The English standard refers to 10 li or coil wrapped at a distance of 1 meter 100 turns. This test is performed at a certain speed, in other words, the breaking point is between s 3 ± ۲۰ On the other hand, a constant speed of 300 mm per minute may also be used. Most likely, the yarn that should be spun on a 10-spool wool or cotton frame should be tested with at least 20 wool spins. This method does not apply to yarns made of durable fibers.

Product strength score or CLSP
Product Quality Assessment (CLSP) is a term used to assess the quality of staple and spun cotton yarns. This factor depends on the quality of the Lee formed on the rotating tube with a circumference of 1.5 yards; Lee’s 80 spins have a length of 120 yards. In this case, quality is usually expressed in pounds-force (lbf). The yarn strength is also measured in pounds, then multiplied by the English cotton yarn score to finally obtain the product strength score or CLSP.

CLSP (product strength Lee score) = score (Nec) * Lee strength (in pounds)

Tensile strength by monolayer method

Yarn tensile testing is usually performed according to ISO 2062 and ASTM D2256 standards. These tests are performed to determine the force required for yarn rupture, elongation, and to determine the yarn stiffness characteristics (force required for yarn rupture). Yarn break strength is the ratio of the force required to break a yarn to its linear density, and is a common feature for evaluating the strength of yarn components and a tool for testing and validating experiments. Tying the test sample thread is necessary because the loading axis must be aligned with the sample axis. This alignment can be easily achieved and repeated using belt pin clamps. Factors such as sharp edges or changes in the test path may cause the sample to fail outside the measuring section, in which case the strength obtained will be much less than the actual strength of the yarn. Belt clamps also help prevent this, as the yarn will never undergo severe geometric changes if used. Since the elongation properties are very important in the application of cotton products, the yarn should be prevented from slipping during the test; Therefore, instead of using a set of clamp jaws, the load is evenly distributed on the straps.

Yarn stretching plays an important role in weaving and fabric production, and has a significant impact on the efficiency of various processes such as yarn spinning on the spool, yarn twisting and yarn splicing. Proper yarn tension is required to produce suitable yarn packages, warp yarn spools, to produce weft yarn packages and to wrap yarn on weft tubes or spools for use in knitting machines to weave the fabric.

Yarn tension means the tensile stress that occurs when the yarn is exposed to external tensile strain. Therefore, the amount of yarn tension depends on the external strain. Stress is expressed in grams or Newtons. More tension of the yarn leads to tighter packaging of the yarn and vice versa.

Yarn stretching in the preliminary stage of weaving

In the tissue preparation stage, yarn stretching is necessary for various reasons. In the spinning process, the spun yarn is wrapped around a spool to prepare the yarn package with the desired shape and size and with the necessary density. If a suitable amount of tension is applied to the yarn during the spinning process during the spinning process, a suitable yarn package will be produced. Proper shape and stability of the yarn packaging makes the yarn easy to open in the next steps and can withstand the packaging during transportation without loosening.
In the weaving preparation stage, the warp or weft yarns are first opened from the same packages and then repacked in different molds two or even three times before they become ready-made packages for the knitting machine. (Or wrapped in various tubes). While opening the yarn from the package, the yarn is stretched due to inertia; Now what happens to the package that the yarn comes out of by spinning and the yarn that comes out of the fixed package.
To make yarn bundles with the required shape, size, and degree of stability, the yarn must be re-wrapped around other tubes and must be under constant tension during this process. In addition, the yarn is usually subjected to some stretching during the initial stages of weaving; This will eliminate some of the thread defects (such as weak spots). The amount of yarn tension is adjusted based on the grade and tensile strength of the yarn so that it is torn in weak places, but the yarn is not stretched enough to lose its elasticity. The tensile properties of opening the yarn from the package depend on factors such as the opening speed of the yarn, the size of the package, the height of the balloon, the grade of the yarn, the type of stretching machine used, and so on.

The role of yarn tension in fabric texture
The factor that plays the most vital role among the various stages of textile processing from spinning to weaving is yarn stretching. In order for the fabric weaving operation to function properly, the tension of the warp yarns is necessary for the correct formation of the warp yarn opening; Because weaving threads are supposed to be placed in it. In addition, the tension of the yarn is important for other reasons, because it is the yarn that must keep the fabric in a proper position and prevent it from falling in order to weave the fabric in the form of predetermined intervals. High-density fabrics require more yarn tension, while loose fabrics require less yarn tension to meet tissue requirements. The tension of the weft yarn helps to eliminate the looseness and torsion of the weft yarn when it is placed in the opening of the warp yarn and causes the weaving to take place at the desired distances. Since warp and weft yarns need to be woven together to form a fabric, the tension of the yarns due to their complexity determines the amount of wrinkles applied to the set of two yarns, which in turn affects the properties of the resulting fabric. Affect.
Therefore, yarn tension is one of the most important parameters in different stages of textile processing. Yarn tension in each of the processing steps has a significant impact on the performance and efficiency of the machines and the quality of the products made. Always try to keep the yarn tension as low as possible for certain purposes during processing and keep this level of yarn tension constant during the process. It is also best to keep the yarn tension as uniform as possible during the process. Excessive yarn tension or excessive changes in it can cause the yarn strain to be too high, which can lead to yarn breakage, which in turn reduces the efficiency of the machines and the quality of the product.

The lint problem occurs when the short strands of clothing become loose, tangled, and end up looking like bullets. In fact, the main cause of lint is due to the wear of the clothes in the process of washing and wearing.
Fluffing clothes will make your clothes look old and uncomfortable. So that after a while you will probably stop wearing it.

Solutions to prevent lint
Put a distance between wearing clothes
It is better to give it a little rest after wearing it once or twice in a row and wear it again. Because one of the reasons for fluffing clothes is their constant use. What you need to know is that wearing too much of a garment can cause the fabric to become stretchy. As a result, shorter strands become tangled and form villi.

Do not use a backpack!
Backpack is one of the items that is effective in creating lint in clothes. Due to the wear and tear of the backpack, the fabric fibers become fluffy. Especially areas such as the armpits, shoulders and back that are in direct contact with the backpack.

Scorpion stains
Usually our first reaction to remove stains from clothes is to put some stains on it and rub the fabric tightly together to remove the stains. But this is one of the factors that causes lint on the fabric.

Proper washing of clothes
Improper washing of fluffy clothes is more likely to cause fluff. To prevent this from happening, it is better to follow some tips:

Turn the clothes over. In this case, if it gives fluffy clothes, it will be created on the back of the clothes and it will not be visible. In addition, you can use protective netting to wash the car so that less damage is done to the clothes.

An easy solution to get rid of lint
One of the easiest and most practical ways to get rid of lint is to use a very simple shaving razor. Iron the desired garment and then hold the fabric firmly and pull the razor on the surface of the fabric. Empty the villi from the side of the razor and then pull on the fabric with a roll of villi. Remember that the razor you choose should not be soapy as it will cause more lint on the fabric.